ملخص الدرس / الثآنية ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 4/No man is an Island

The Past Simple:

We use the Past Simple to talk or write about a completed event or state in the past.

Last Saturday/Yesterday/ two days ago ..., I went to the cinema.

 

We use the Past Continuous to talk about an action or a state that was in progress in the past. This action or state continued for a temporary period , but not up to the present.

Yesterday Badis and Farouk played football. They started at 10 and finished at 12.

“What were Farouk and Badis doing at 11 yesterday?" "

They were playing football (at 11)."

“They were playing football" means that the action of playing football was in progress. It was not completed because it was only at 12 that they finished playing football.

The Past Simple and the Past Continuous in subordinating clauses of time. We often use the Past Simple to talk or write about one completed event that followed another completed event.

Example: When Farid left Middle School, he trained as a carpenter. He got a diploma after two years, and started a small business in carpentry.

Farid left Middle School, then he trained as a carpenter ....

We can use the Past Continuous and the Past Simple to talk or write about an action that was in progress, when another action happened/interrupted it.

Examples: While/when I was watching a film, the telephone rang.

I was watching a film when the telephone rang.

I saw the robber as he was leaving the bank

 

The Past Simple and the Past Continuous in subordinating clauses of time:

We often use the Past Simple to talk or write about one completed event that followed another completed event.

Example: When Farid left Middle School, he trained as a carpenter. He got a diploma after two years, and started a small business in carpentry.

Farid left Middle School, then he trained as a carpenter ....

We can use the Past Continuous and the Past Simple to talk or write about an action that was in progress, when another action happened/interrupted it.

Examples: While/when I was watching a film, the telephone rang.

I was watching a film when the telephone rang.

I saw the robber as he was leaving the bank.

We can use the Past Continuous to talk or write about simultaneous actions (happening at the same time) in the past.

I was playing football while my brother was reading a book.

While my brother was playing football, my sister was listening to music.

Compare :

When my sister arrived, we were having lunch.

We had already started lunch before my sister arrived.

When my sister arrived, we had lunch.

My sister arrived first and then we had lunch.

Compare :

When my sister arrived, we were having lunch.

We had already started lunch before my sister arrived.

When my sister arrived, we had lunch.

My sister arrived first and then we had lunch.

 

many, (a) few, a great number are used with countable nouns.

much, (a) little, a great deal are used with uncountable nouns.

a lot of, most of (= the majority) and all are used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

countable nouns	uncountable nouns
many = a lot (of) = (positive, negative and interrogative statements) a great number (of)	much = a lot (of) = (negatives and questions) a great deal (of)
≠ a few = some / a small number few= not many	a little = some, a small amount little = not much

when reporting what someone else has said ,we can either repeat the exact words.

e.g.Sofiane said "he likes helping people". direct speech 

or usethe formof language called indirect or reported speech.e.g 

sofiane said that he liked helping people 

            told rachid /me /her /him /us/them/ that he like helping people. 

reported speech in statements:

when we use reported speech, the verbs in the reported statement usually change to the past when the reporting verb is in the past simple tense.

direct speech:                                                     indirect speech:

subject +said /told me /her                                  subject+said/toldher/him (that)

I work for a charity                                             she he worked for a charity 

We 've (have) worked for                                      they had worked for charity

a charity for two years                                          for two years

We  worked yesterday                                          they had worked the previous day

we 'll work for a charity                                        they would work for charity

I can work for a charity                                         he could work for a charity 

I may work for a charity                                        he maight work for a charity

rule:

other words which refer to time and place may also change in the reported speech when the reporting verb is in the past simple tense .

e.g. they said we finished our work here yesterday.

they said that they had finished their work there the previous day.

Direct speech	Reported speech
this /these	that/thos
here	there
now	then or at that moment

Direct speech	Reported speech
today	that day
yesterday	the previous day
tomorrow	the next day

Reported speech in wh-question:

Reported question are not real questionsso the wordorder is the same as in normal statement.

Direct speech	Reported speech
he asked,	he asked her.
"where have you worked before?"	"where she had worked before "
"which charity have you worked for?"	which charity she had worked for.
"when did you start working for a charity ?"	when she started working for a charity.
"how did you do it?"	how he had done that .
"what did you think?"	what I thought .

 

Reported speech in yes/no questions:

when we report yes/no questions ,the reporting verb is followed by if or whether.

Direct speech	Reported speech
she asked,	she asked her
"have you contributed anything?"	if whether she had contributed anything.
"did you helped her in any way?"	if whether she had helped her in any way.
"was it your turn or Ali's?"	if whether it had been my turn on Ali's

 

Note:

In statement say and tell are the most common reporting verbs.here are some do's and don't's about their use.

he said it was beautiful                                                   he told it was beautiful 

he said me /her /him /them /us it was beautiful.             he told me /her /him /them /us it was beautiful. 

he said to me /her /him /them /us it was beautiful.         he told to me /her /him /them /us (that) it was beautiful. 

the verb ask and tell are used to report requestes and orders

"help me ".	he told /asked me to help  him
"don't help him."	he told /asked me not  to help  him

 in reported speech we also use other reporting verbs such as advise, refuse,apologize...because it is not always necessary to repeat what the person said.

"I'm sorry .I'm late."	he apologized for being late.
"Iwon't do it again."	she promised not to do that again.