ملخص الدرس / الثآنية ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 1/Make Peace

FORM:

The past perfect simple is formed with had + past participle.

Affirmative I/He/She/We/They'd/had finished.

Negative T/He/She/We/They'd had not (hadn't) finished.

Question Had he finished?

Short answers Yes, he had. / No, he hadn't.

 USES:

The past perfect simple is used to refer to events that happened before other events in the past. We use it to be clear about this time relationship.

e.g The thief had already disappeared when the police arrived.

We often use the past perfect simple with when, before, after, by the time, as soon as by the time that, until and since.

Note: these constructions:

(past perfect simple) when/before/by the time/ (ever) since (past simple)

(past simple) until/ after (past perfect)

e.g., The accident had happened before we arrived.

They didn't go back to their homes until the firemen had checked the gas.

After/As soon as/When  (past perfect simple), (past simple).

(By the time)/When (past simple). (past perfect)

e.g. As soon as the plane bodroghed the firmen Privod

By the time he arrived, they had left the office.

We use the past perfect when we turn sentences containing the present perfect and simple past into reported speech.

e.g., He said, "I was/have been here". He said that he had been there.

The past perfect is also used in if-clauses to refer to unreal past states and actions.

e.g. If they had qualified for the quarter finals, they would have won the cup.

Adverbs with the past perfect simple:

Certain adverbs are also common with past perfect verb forms, for example. just, already, yet, ever; never before.

We put just, already, ever and never between had and the past participle

e.g., It was the most terrible event I had ever experienced.

O Before in this use always comes at the end of the clause.

e.g., Such an earthquake had never occurred before.

O Yet can come at the end of the clause or, in a negative statement, between

hadn't and the past participle. e.g., He hadn't (yet) finished his work (yet).

The past perfect simple is used to refer to events that happened before other events in the past. We use it to be clear about this time relationship.

e.g The thief had already disappeared when the police arrived.

We often use the past perfect simple with when, before, after, by the time, as soon as by the time that, until and since.

Note: these constructions:

(past perfect simple) when/before/by the time/ (ever) since (past simple)

(past simple) until/ after (past perfect)

e.g., The accident had happened before we arrived.

They didn't go back to their homes until the firemen had checked the gas.

After/As soon as/When  (past perfect simple), (past simple).

(By the time)/When (past simple). (past perfect)

e.g. As soon as the plane bodroghed the firmen Privod

By the time he arrived, they had left the office.

We use the past perfect when we turn sentences containing the present perfect and simple past into reported speech.

e.g., He said, "I was/have been here". He said that he had been there.

The past perfect is also used in if-clauses to refer to unreal past states and actions.

e.g. If they had qualified for the quarter finals, they would have won the cup.

Adverbs with the past perfect simple:

Certain adverbs are also common with past perfect verb forms, for example. just, already, yet, ever; never before.

We put just, already, ever and never between had and the past participle

e.g., It was the most terrible event I had ever experienced.

O Before in this use always comes at the end of the clause.

e.g., Such an earthquake had never occurred before.

O Yet can come at the end of the clause or, in a negative statement, between

hadn't and the past participle. e.g., He hadn't (yet) finished his work (yet).

Certain adverbs are also common with past perfect verb forms, for example. just, already, yet, ever; never before.

We put just, already, ever and never between had and the past participle

e.g., It was the most terrible event I had ever experienced.

O Before in this use always comes at the end of the clause.

e.g., Such an earthquake had never occurred before.

O Yet can come at the end of the clause or, in a negative statement, between

hadn't and the past participle. e.g., He hadn't (yet) finished his work (yet).

In English, we often use will and going to to speak about future actions. But there is a clear difference in their uses.

The different uses of will (’ll)

will is used in the following ways:

making predictions (i.e., talking about something we know, or expect, will happen)

e.g., It 'll be stormy tomorrow.

There will be heavy rain in some areas. (weather forecast).

expressing a decision about the immediate future.

e.g., 'Which T-shirt do you want?' I'll take the green one, please.'

making offers "My head hurts." "I will fetch you an aspirin."

 (Not Hetch an aspirin.)

giving orders/making requests

e.g., Come here, will you? Will you take your seat please.

with words and expressions like probably, I think, I hope, I'm sure, I bet , I suppose ... e.g., They will probably invent a vaccine against diabetes.

in time or conditional sentences referring to the future:

If I succeed in my exams, I'll specialise in mathematics.

When I finish my studies, I'll work in the Sahara.

Be + going to + verb:

This form is usually used to talk about pre-arranged plans or intentions. The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.

e.g., 'Do you remember the dress I was talking about?

Yes. Are you going to buy it? (Not will you buy it?)

It is also used to talk about something that will happen in the future and for which we have present evidence.

e.g., It's going to rain. ('I can see the clouds.)