ملخص الدرس / الثآنية ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 3/Technology and Innovation
the active and passive voice
Voice is a grammatical category .it expresses whether the subject of the verb is the agent of the action the (passive voice).
in the sentence Aa lot of chemical industries pollute the rivers; the verb pollute is in the active.
if you turn it a round and say the rivers are polluted by a lot of chemical industries the verb are polluted is in the passive .you can use the passive only with transitive verbs.
form:
How to change active to the passive voice:
Affirmative:
paste simple:
subject verb object
the plant released oxygen
subject verb object
oxygen Was released by the plant
present perfect:
subject verb object
the plant has released oxygen
subject verb object
oxygen has been released by the plant
present simple:
subject verb object
the plant releases oxygen
subject verb object
oxygen is released by the plant
future simple:
subject verb object
the plant will release oxygen
subject verb object
oxygen will be released by the plant
Modals:
subject verb object
We must/could/ our resources
may/might conserve
subject verb agent
our resources must/could/ by us
may/might be conserved
rule:
rule:
when we turn an affirmative active sentence into a passive one ,we go a through important steps:
Move the subject of the active verb to the end of the sentence, and put by in front of it.
Move the object of the active verb to the front of the sentence , so that it becomes the the passive subject.
Turn the verb from active to passive .you do this by adding a form of the auxiliary verb be and the paste participle of the main verb.
Interrogative:
| WH | Auxiliary | Subject | Verb | Agent |
| When | was | the kyoto protocol | signed? | //////////////////// |
| who | has been | /////////////////// | arrested | by the police? |
| Hwo | is | oxygen | produced? | //////////////////// |
| where | will | the conference on global warming | be held? | /////////////////// |
| What |
should must ca could |
////////////////////// | be done to protect the environment? | /////////////////// |
| //////////////// |
Was has is will |
the treaty on gas emission the treaty on oil shipping the Amazon rainforest the next conference |
signed been signed protected be held |
by all countries? by all the parties? by the government? in Algeria? |
uses:
We use the passive voice when :
we focus on the action rather than the performer/doer of the action .e.g. the next meeting on the conservation of animal species will be held in Algiers .
describing a process or how something works.
carbone dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is released by the plant duringthe day.At night the process is reversed.
the performer of the action is unknown ,uninteresting, unimportant or obvious.
e.g. thousand of acresof forest tress were burned.
e.g. the world'sfirst geothermal plant was builtin Italy in1904.
We want to a void beginning a sentence with complex subject.
e.g.Timber companies which look for easy money fell most tress.
Most tress are felled by Timber companies which look for easy money .
Note:
When we want to say how does the action of the verb in a passive sentence , we use by and than say who doesit.
e.g.the fire was started by children who were hiking in the forest.
some of discourse markers:
When people speak fo quite a long time e.g.when making a speech , giving a lecture; a report or a detailed explanation , they usually use the listner to follow what they are saying. some of these discourse markers are:
to begin/start with...
Firs(ly) ,second(ly) ,the first/second reason why...
next,then anotherreason why...
furthermore,moreover,in addition , besides...
lastly/finally/to conclude...
in short/ in conclusion ...