ملخص الدرس / الثآنية ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/Grammar/Relative pronouns

who, which and that as subjects of a defining relative clause .

Relative clause about peopel: we can join simple sentences(a and b) below with who and that to from a complex sentences.

a) the police have found the boy 

b) the boy/he disappeared last week. 

the police have found the boy who/that disappeared last week. 

who and that are relative pronouns.we use them to refer to people .in these particular case, they refer to the boy.

We use them in place of noun subjects the boy or pronoun subjects (I ,You ,He ,She...).

Relative clausesabout things and animals:

We can join simple sentences (a and b) to form another complex sentences .

a) that's the cat   

b)it belongs to beckey  

which and that are relative pronouns .we use them to refer to things and animals .in the particular case ,which and that refer to the cat.

 who, whom, which and that as objects of defining relative clauses .

Relative clauses about people we use who ,whom and that 

to refer to people .we use them instead of noun.

Example:

This is the man .I wanted to see him 

This is  the man who,  whom ,that.I wanted to see.

Relative clauses about things and animals : 

we use which and that instead of noun objects or pronouns object (it/ them) to refer to animals and things.

Exampe: 

this is the house .jack built it 

this is the house that /which jack built .

whose and where.

whose and where:

we use whose in relative clauses instead of hes her their to refer mostly to people .

Example:

A widow is a woman herhusband is dead.

A widow is a womanwhose  herhusband is dead.

We use where in relative clauses to refer to places.

Example:the restaurant was very clean .we had lunch there(in the restaurant).

the restaurant where we had lunch was very clean. 

Function of defining relative clauses:

Defining relative clausesgive essential information about the people , things and animals they refer to in order to identify what / who we are talking or writing about.

example: this is the man who saved my life .

We use no commas before relative pronouns of non-defining relative clauseswhen the latter occur in the final position.see sentence e.below.

we also use commas after a relative clauses when it occursin the middle position.

london , which is the capital of britain, has over than 8 million inhabitants.

Alis's father, who is 70,walks 10 kilometres  a day.

Bob dylan ,whom I like so much ,is American.

Note: A relative clauses follows the noun it refers to.so it fits in the position where the nounor the pronoun it refers to occurs. it can occur either in the middle or the final position.

We can join simple sentences (a and b) to form another complex sentences .

a) that's the cat   

b)it belongs to beckey  

which and that are relative pronouns .we use them to refer to things and animals .in the particular case ,which and that refer to the cat.

 who, whom, which and that as objects of defining relative clauses .

Relative clauses about people we use who ,whom and that 

to refer to people .we use them instead of noun.

Example:

This is the man .I wanted to see him 

This is  the man who,  whom ,that.I wanted to see.

Relative clauses about things and animals : 

we use which and that instead of noun objects or pronouns object (it/ them) to refer to animals and things.

Exampe: 

this is the house .jack built it 

this is the house that /which jack built .

whose and where.

whose and where:

we use whose in relative clauses instead of hes her their to refer mostly to people .

Example:

A widow is a woman herhusband is dead.

A widow is a womanwhose  herhusband is dead.

We use where in relative clauses to refer to places.

Example:the restaurant was very clean .we had lunch there(in the restaurant).

the restaurant where we had lunch was very clean. 

Defining relative clausesgive essential information about the people , things and animals they refer to in order to identify what / who we are talking or writing about.

example: this is the man who saved my life .

We use no commas before relative pronouns of non-defining relative clauseswhen the latter occur in the final position.see sentence e.below.

we also use commas after a relative clauses when it occursin the middle position.

london , which is the capital of britain, has over than 8 million inhabitants.

Alis's father, who is 70,walks 10 kilometres  a day.

Bob dylan ,whom I like so much ,is American.

Note: A relative clauses follows the noun it refers to.so it fits in the position where the nounor the pronoun it refers to occurs. it can occur either in the middle or the final position.