ملخص الدرس / الثآنية ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/Grammar/Comparatives and superlatives

compaatives of positive equality: as+adjective+as

your house as big as your neightbour's.

The exercise is as difficulte as the one we did yesterday. 

compaatives of negative equality: not+as/so +adjective+as

The thames is not as /so longas the Nile.

(The Nile is longer than the thames. 

To compare two things, two animals ,two people etc.,we use the following comparative forms:

Adjective+er +than 

More+adjective +than

We use adjective +er+than in following cases:

Adjective of one syllabale:

The Nile is longer than the thames .

it is hotter in the sahara desert than in the Gobie desert.

Adjectives ending whith: y- w or le.

My satchel is heavier than yours .

This street is narrower than that one over there.your teacher is more gentle than mine= your teacher gentler than mine . 

Note:

in adjectives with one syllable ending with a consonant +vowel +a consonant e.g(hot or big). we double the consonant (hotter ,bigger).

we add the er to adjectives ending with w and y, even if they have more than one syllable.

We transform y into i in adjectives ending in -y.

we can use either more+adjective or adjective +er with adjectives ending with le.

Good and Bad have the following irregular comparative forms of superiority.

good better 

bad worse

we use more +adjective +than with adjectives which have more than two sullables .

Ameal in a restaurant is more expensive than a sandwich . 

comparatives of inferiority:

we use adjective + less+than with all adjectives.

Asandwiche is less expensive than a meal in restaurant. 

Short adjectives may have other adjectives as their opposites.

Wool is less light than stone  stone is heavier than wool.

comparative of adverbs:

The rules for the formation of comparatives of adverbs are the same as those for the formation of adjectives.

Beckycame to school sooner than paul yesterday. 

The tortoise runs less quickly than the hare.

we use adjective + less+than with all adjectives.

Asandwiche is less expensive than a meal in restaurant. 

Short adjectives may have other adjectives as their opposites.

Wool is less light than stone  stone is heavier than wool.

comparative of adverbs:

The rules for the formation of comparatives of adverbs are the same as those for the formation of adjectives.

Beckycame to school sooner than paul yesterday. 

The tortoise runs less quickly than the hare.

The rules for the formation of comparatives of adverbs are the same as those for the formation of adjectives.

Beckycame to school sooner than paul yesterday. 

The tortoise runs less quickly than the hare.

Form:

to compar three or more things , animals, people etc., and pick out one thing, one animal , or one person as being more "superior" to all others we use the following superlative forms of adjectives:

the +adjectives +est +in/ of

the most+ adjectives+ less +in/of

use:

Use the adjetive+est.  with the following adjectives:

Short adjectives:one syllable adjctives

Ihave three brothers. Im the oldest and the tallest of them all.

The sahara is the hottest desert in the world.

Words of more than one syllable ending with ow or y.

The kasbah has the narrowest street in Algiers.

The healthiest dish in this menu is boile drice.

The best place where you can eat good food is home.

Use the most + adjective+in/of with longer adjectives.

The most difficult subject in school is Mathematics .

Note:The changes in spelling of superlatives of adjectives follow the same rules as those for the comparatives of adjectives.

superlative of good and bad:

Good the best 

Bad the worst

the best student in my class is leila .

The worst time of the year is the end of the summer holidays .

superlative adjectives of inferiority:

form:

the least +adjective+ in/of

the least careful driverin my family is my father.

superlative of adverbs:

The rules for the formation of superlatives of adverbs are the same as those for the formation of superlatives of adjectives .

e.g.Becky is the student who come the earlest of all her classmates.

The tortoise moves the most slowly of all pets 

Use the adjetive+est.  with the following adjectives:

Short adjectives:one syllable adjctives

Ihave three brothers. Im the oldest and the tallest of them all.

The sahara is the hottest desert in the world.

Words of more than one syllable ending with ow or y.

The kasbah has the narrowest street in Algiers.

The healthiest dish in this menu is boile drice.

The best place where you can eat good food is home.

Use the most + adjective+in/of with longer adjectives.

The most difficult subject in school is Mathematics .

The changes in spelling of superlatives of adjectives follow the same rules as those for the comparatives of adjectives.

superlative of good and bad:

Good the best 

Bad the worst

the best student in my class is leila .

The worst time of the year is the end of the summer holidays .

superlative adjectives of inferiority:

form:

the least +adjective+ in/of

the least careful driverin my family is my father.

superlative of adverbs:

The rules for the formation of superlatives of adverbs are the same as those for the formation of superlatives of adjectives .

e.g.Becky is the student who come the earlest of all her classmates.

The tortoise moves the most slowly of all pets 

form:

the least +adjective+ in/of

the least careful driverin my family is my father.

superlative of adverbs:

The rules for the formation of superlatives of adverbs are the same as those for the formation of superlatives of adjectives .

e.g.Becky is the student who come the earlest of all her classmates.

The tortoise moves the most slowly of all pets 

Forms:

Examples:

Ihaven't got many books.

Mu sister has got more books than I.Most of them are old .

Ihaven't got much money .said has more money than I, but our freind smail has the most money .he has a part time job.

Note:

More and the most are the comparative and superlative forms of  much with uncontable nouns.

More and the most are also the comparative and superlative forms of much with uncontable nouns.

comparative and superlative of little  and few:

There is little rain this year.

yes, but there was even less rain last year .

Our school has few boy students .there are 100 boys and 400 girls.

Our school has even fewer boy students. there only 50 boys.

My freind's school has the fewest boy students . You know, there are just 20.

Note:

The comparative form of little is less , not littler .

We can also use adjectives like a smaller +quantity /amount to replace less .

Example:

There is a smaller quantity of waterin this well than in that one over there.

The superlative forms of little is the least, but we can also the smallest +quantity.

Examples:

Kder has the smallest amount of money in his pocket.

Adverbs with irregular comparatives and superlatives:

There is little rain this year.

yes, but there was even less rain last year .

Our school has few boy students .there are 100 boys and 400 girls.

Our school has even fewer boy students. there only 50 boys.

My freind's school has the fewest boy students . You know, there are just 20.

Note:

The comparative form of little is less , not littler .

We can also use adjectives like a smaller +quantity /amount to replace less .

Example:

There is a smaller quantity of waterin this well than in that one over there.

The superlative forms of little is the least, but we can also the smallest +quantity.

Examples:

Kder has the smallest amount of money in his pocket.

To show comparison / contrast, we use:

- be + → similar to+ noun phrase

- be +→the same as + noun phrase

- be +→ different from + noun phrase

 like -and- alike.

Read these examples:

Catering is a vocational subject like tourism.

Catering and tourism are alike.

The curriculum in England is the same as the curriculum in Wales.

The system in Wales is different from that of England.