ملخص الدرس / الثآنية ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/Grammar/Final ’s‘ as -s and ’ed’ as -id-d-t

We pronounce /s/ as /s/ after voiceless consonants: /k/ cooks     /f/ coughs            /p/ drops           /t/ eats  

We pronounce /s/ as /z/ after all vowel sounds and voiced consonant :/b/ robs   /d/ reads   /g/ logs    /L/travels   /m/dreams      /n/ clean /v/ lives

We pronounce /s/ as  /iz/ after: /z/ loses   /s/ passes   /s/ pushes   /dz/manages       /ts/stretches and     /ks/mixes.

The final ed is pronounced: 

/id/ after the sounds d or t. They recorded the Mesopotamian religion as the oldest one.

/t/ after the sounds p, k, s, ƒ, tƒ In ancient times people worshipped statues

/d/ after the sounds b, g, l, m, n, r, v, y, and the vowels.

A long time ago people believed the earth was flat.

ch is pronounced /k/ in words from Greek origin: chemist – Christians – architect - character etc.

ch is pronounced -tch` (phon /tf/) in: church – chair – cheese – to choose – chain etc.

The pronunciation of the final-s-depends on the sound that comes before the final-s (or es).

Notice that -s endings include:

noun plural (e.g. Two girls )

third person singular verbs (e.g. She works)

possessives (e.g. Tom's house)

and the short form of is or has

(E.g. He's ill / she's two children...)

The final -s is pronounced /s/ after the sounds

/k/→ books

/t/→cuts

/f/ → roofs [

/Ꮎ/→ baths

It is pronounced /z/ after the vowels and the sounds:

/b/→ robs

/d/ →binds

/g/→ dogs

/l/→  balls

 It is pronounced /iz/ after the sounds :

/s/→  buses

/z/→  buzzes

/∫/→ washes

/t/ → peaches

/dz/→ lodges

Each word has one syllable that is stressed more that the others.

With words from the same family (having the same root), there is a shift: the syllable that is stressed in the verb is not always the same in the noun.

1- Syllable stress:

Each word has one syllable that is stressed more that the others.

With words from the same family (having the same root), there is a shift: the syllable that is stressed in the verb is not always the same in the noun.Read column A and column B. Pay attention to the stressed syllable each time.