ملخص الدرس / الأولى ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 2/Communication The Press

Statements (reporting what someone said)

DIRECT SPEECH:

"He isn't here now,' she said.

“I don't read newspapers,' she told me.

REPORTED SPEECH:

She said (that) he was not there then.

She said/told me that she didn't read newspapers.

Present tense → Past tense * here there * now → then

DIRECT SPEECH :

"Can you help me?' she asked me.

“Do you watch TV?' she asked me.

'Which TV programme do you watch?' he asked me.

REPORTED SPEECH:

She asked me if I could help her.

She asked if I watched TV.

She asked me which TV programme I watched.

can → could 

may → might 

shall → should

will → would 

must →had to

the reporting verb (say, tell, ask, etc.) is in the present simple tense,:

When the reporting verb (say, tell, ask, etc.) is in the present simple tense, no changes occur in the verb reported.

DIRECT SPEECH

"He isn't here,' she says.

'I don't read newspapers,' she tells me

Can you help me?' she asks.

Do you watch TV?' she asks me.

Which TV programme do you watch?' he asks me.

REPORTED SPEECH

She says (that) he isn't here.

She tells me that she doesn't read newspapers.

She asks me if/whether I can help her.

She asks me if/whether I watch TV.

She asks me which TV programme I watch.

Present tense → Present tense

JSES OF THE REPORTING VERBS 'ASK AND TELL

We can use asked to report requests and told to report orders.

Example:

Direct speech: 'Could you close the door?

Reported speech: He asked me to close the door.

Other reporting verbs include: begged, ordered, and instructed.

Asked and told are followed by indirect object + to + infinitive.

The indirect object is often a pronoun: me, you, him, her, etc.

Example: I asked her to help me.

We report a negative request or command by putting not before to + infinitive. Example:

Direct speech: 'Please don't come back.'

Reported speech: He asked/told me not to come back.

Other changes may be necessary when requests or commands are reported. These include: Pronouns

Example: “Can you help me?' → He asked me to help him.

Time/place markers

Example: “Can you help me tomorrow?'

He asked me to help him the day after.

Leave your bag here.' She told me to leave my bag there.

When reporting, we don't always use the verbs 'say', 'tell' and answer". We can use summarising verbs such as admit, advise, apologise and beg.

Age: e.g. She was in her late/early twenties.

She was about thirty years old. /She was a middle-aged women.

Height: He was tall/small/average height. He was about 1 m 50.

Build: e.g She /he was plump/overweight/athletic/powerful/stocky/ skinny/ slim/ long-legged/ short-legged/broad-shouldered/ a well-built man/

Hair: Length, style and colour (in this order)

e.g. He has got long curly(wavy/straight) black (hennaed) hair.

Eyes: Size, shape and colour; eyebrows and eyelashes

e.g. She had small round grey eyes and long dark eyelashes.

We can also use sparkling, twinkling, flashing, brilliant, cold, calm, dreamy, inquisitive, worried to describe someone's eyes.

Clothes:

Mention in this order the age, shape, colour, origin, material and make of the garment.

e.g. He was in old skin-tight blue Italian nylon trousers.

Don't forget to mention jewellery and make-up.

Face:

A long thin face with narrow/thick lips and high cheekbones

A round/square/oval face with a long/short nose and chubby pink cheeks

A bald man with a huge/small forehead and pointed chin.

Skin:Clear/greasy skin

Colour: White/pale/tanned/suntanned/olive/dark/black skin

Complexion: A fair/white/pale/dark/smooth complexion

Distinguishing features:

A man with long whiskers, a short mustache

A man with a scar/a birthmark/ a mole/ a beard/a tattoo/ glasses/a cane Speech: stutter/ stammer/lisp/deep/ a soft/ a squeaky voice

Character and impression:

Anxious/ cheerful/arrogant/relaxed/sensual/aggressive…

e.g. He looked like a Hollywood star.

Jim, Bob and Jack played basketball from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. yesterday.

What were they doing at 3 p.m.?

They were playing basketball.

“They were playing' means that they were in the middle of playing basketball. The action of playing was in progress at 3 p.m. It was not finished.

This is the past continuous tense of the verb 'to play.

I/ he/she/was → playing.

we/ they / you were →playing

We often use the past continuous/progressive (I was doing) and the simple past (I did) together in order to say that an action (Action 1) was in progress when another action interrupted it (Action 2).

We use the past progressive/continuous for both actions (A and B) when they were occurring simultaneously, i.e., at the same time in the past.

Asks for directions:

Can you show me the way to ...?

Is there a bank / a taxi rank... near here?

Where is Oxford Street, please?

How do I get to Madame Tussaud's / the museum?

Gives directions: 

Go straight ahead / along this road. / Cross the street / Go past ...

Take the second turning on your right/left. 

Turn right/left into Oxford Street. 

Turn right / left at the roundabout/ at the corner/traffic lights ...

Keep walking until you get to the park....

asks about distance and time:

How far is it? Is it far from here?

How long does it take to get there?

B indicates the distance and time:

It's about forty-five minutes' walk. 

It's about half a mile. 

It's not far/quite near. Oh! It's a long way from here.

indicates the location:

It's on the corner of ... / behind ...,/in front of... / next to.../ between... / opposite..

Designing a questionnaire

See the questionnaire on the previous page.

Conducting an interview 

Addressing informants

Excuse me, I'm …

 Hi! I'm ... → Hello! / Good morning / Good afternoon / ...

Opening the interview:

 We're conducting a survey on ..

Can I ask you some questions about ...?

Thanks. My first question is ... ? 

Asking more questions:

 Thanks. My next question is ... 

What ...? > Oh, do you? How often ... ?

Closing the interview:

 Well, thanks for your time. Goodbye.

 Thank you very much for answering my questions. Goodbye. 

If you want to report requests, advice, promises or instructions, it can sometimes be done fairly simply by using this construction:

verb + pronoun + to + infinitive. In these examples

 note:

The different reporting verbs you can use: ask, advise, tell, etc.

The pronoun changes needed The tense changes needed ..The changes needed .

when we have a negative sentence, Examples:

Could you please show me where the shops are? 

He asked me to show him where the shops were.

Can you lend me £50? 

Then he asked me to lend him £50.

Don't go too near the edge of the cliffs. It's too dangerous

They warned us not to go too near the edge of the cliffs as it was too dangerous.

reporting yes/no questions: When we are reporting yes/no questions, we have to use if or whether. We also need to change the tense to one tense further back:

 Examples: 

Are you going to Tom's wedding? (present continuous) -

 She asked me if I was going to Tom's wedding. (past continuous)

Have you bought a new outfit for it? (present perfect)

She wondered whether I had bought a new outfit for it. (past perfect)

reporting wh-questions:

When we are reporting questions, the word order of subject and verb doesn't change. Also, we don't need to use do/does/did when the question is reported. 

Compare the following:

Examples: What's the matter?

She asked me what the matter was.

How do you feel today?

The doctor asked her how she felt.

Where are you going?- wanted to

Are you going to Tom's wedding? (present continuous) - 

She asked me if I was going to Tom's wedding. (past continuous)

Have you bought a new outfit for it? (present perfect)

She wondered whether I had bought a new outfit for it. (past perfect)

 reporting wh-questions:

When we are reporting questions, the word order of subject and verb doesn't change. Also, we don't need to use do/does/did when the question is reported. 

Examples:

What's the matter?

She asked me what the matter was.

How do you feel today?

 The doctor asked her how she felt.

Where are you going?

I wanted to know where she was going.

Who is that girl in the red dress?

I wondered who that girl in the red dress was.

reporting suggestions and commands:There are a few verbs like suggest or insist that require the subjunctive when they are used in reported speech. 

This is very difficult to get right, so if you want to impress the examiner, learn it! Compare the following: 

Let's go to Brighton for the weekend. 

Why don't we go to Brighton for the weekend?

 I suggested that we should go to Brighton for the weekend.

OR: I suggested (that) we go to Brighton for the weekend.

You must do the washing up before you go out. 

I insisted that she should do the washing up before she went out.

OR: I insisted (that) she do the washing up before she went out .

When we are reporting questions, the word order of subject and verb doesn't change. Also, we don't need to use do/does/did when the question is reported. 

Examples:

What's the matter?

She asked me what the matter was.

How do you feel today?

 The doctor asked her how she felt.

Where are you going?

I wanted to know where she was going.

Who is that girl in the red dress?

I wondered who that girl in the red dress was.

reporting suggestions and commands:There are a few verbs like suggest or insist that require the subjunctive when they are used in reported speech. 

This is very difficult to get right, so if you want to impress the examiner, learn it! Compare the following: 

Let's go to Brighton for the weekend. 

Why don't we go to Brighton for the weekend?

 I suggested that we should go to Brighton for the weekend.

OR: I suggested (that) we go to Brighton for the weekend.

You must do the washing up before you go out. 

I insisted that she should do the washing up before she went out.

OR: I insisted (that) she do the washing up before she went out .

There are a few verbs like suggest or insist that require the subjunctive when they are used in reported speech. 

This is very difficult to get right, so if you want to impress the examiner, learn it! Compare the following: 

Let's go to Brighton for the weekend. 

Why don't we go to Brighton for the weekend?

 I suggested that we should go to Brighton for the weekend.

OR: I suggested (that) we go to Brighton for the weekend.

You must do the washing up before you go out. 

I insisted that she should do the washing up before she went out.

OR: I insisted (that) she do the washing up before she went out .

The different reporting verbs you can use: ask, advise, tell, etc.

The pronoun changes needed The tense changes needed ..The changes needed .

when we have a negative sentence, Examples:

Could you please show me where the shops are? 

He asked me to show him where the shops were.

Can you lend me £50? 

Then he asked me to lend him £50.

Don't go too near the edge of the cliffs. It's too dangerous

They warned us not to go too near the edge of the cliffs as it was too dangerous.

reporting yes/no questions: When we are reporting yes/no questions, we have to use if or whether. We also need to change the tense to one tense further back:

 Examples: 

Are you going to Tom's wedding? (present continuous) -

 She asked me if I was going to Tom's wedding. (past continuous)

Have you bought a new outfit for it? (present perfect)

She wondered whether I had bought a new outfit for it. (past perfect)