ملخص الدرس / الأولى ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 2/Our Findings Show

Statements (reporting someone said).

Direct speech: 

‘he isn't here now ’she said .

‘Idon't read newspapers’ she told me.

Reported speech:

She said that he was not here then. 

She said/told me that she didn't read newspapers.

*present tense →past tense                        *here→ there                          *now →then

Questions (reporting what someone asked):

Questions (reporting what someone asked)

Direct speech:

‘Can you help me?’ she asked me.

‘Do you watch TV?’ she asked me.

‘which tv programme do you watch?’ he asked me. 

Reported speech:

she asked me if I could help her.

she asked if Iwatched TV.

She asked me which TV programme I watched. 

*Can→ Could                 *may→ might       *shall→ should               *will→ would          *must→ had to

when the reporting verb (say tell ask,etc) is in the present simple tense, no changes occur in the verb reported.

Directed speeche:

‘He isn't here’ she says. 

‘I don't’ read the newspaper‚’ she tells me.

‘Can you help me?’ she asks.

‘Do you watch TV?’ she asks me.

‘Which TV programme do you watch?’ he asks me.

Reported speech:

She says that he isn't here. 

 she tells me she doesn't read the newspaper.

she asks me if /wether I can help her.

she asks me if/ wether I watch TV.

She asks me Which TV programme I watch.

                          *PRESENT TENSE→PRESENT TENSE

When reporting, we don't always use the verb say, tell and answer .

We can use summarising verbs such as admit, advise, apologies and beg. 

You can derive adjectives from some English words by adding suffixes.such us: *able/ible   *ous     *al   *ful     *less    *ive     *ic    *ing

Example:

fashion →fashionable

courage →courageous

economy →economic/ economical

wonder →wonderful 

care →careless

attract →attractive 

tradition →traditional

pollute → polluting 

You can deduce the meaning of words from context by looking at the suffixes.

rule:

We can build adjectives by adding ful or less to some nouns.these suffixes are not stressed, and they are respectively pronounced/ f∂l/ and /l∂s/.

The rule here is that stress falls on the ante-penultimate syllable (third from the end). This holds true for all words ending with ‘cy’, ‘ty’, ‘phy’, ‘gy’, and ‘al’.

The adjectives and the names of science in the table (task3) end respectively in ‘al’ and ‘gy’. There is a shift in stress when words related to science change their grammatical category because of the addition of the suffix ‘al’, but the rule remains the same i.e., stress should fall on the ante-penultimate syllable of the adjectives and names.

 A silent letter is a letter that, in a particular word, does not correspond to any sound in the word's pronunciation. One of the noted difficulties of English spelling is a high number of silent letters, they make the spelling of words different from their pronunciation.