ملخص الدرس / الأولى ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 4/Eureka

A and an are indefinite articales.we use them only before singular countable nouns.

THE is a definite artical .we use it before common nouns(singular and plural countable and uncontable nouns).

when a noun hasno artical before it we call this  zero artical.

some and any are ofent used as the plural of a/an .

example :

I have received an e-mail.

I have sent some e-mails.

have you received any e-mails?

Ihaven't received any e-mail.

We use a or an when we say what something /someone is or what something /someone is like.

Example: rabies is a very dangerous disease.

he is blind as a bat.

We use a when we refer to jobs.

Example: Before he became an explorer.Armstrong was a pilot .

We cannot use a before uncountable and abstract nouns.

Example:ø Gas oil is a type of oil largely used in ø heating technology.

We use the when we refer to something which is unique.

Example:the earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round the earth.

We don't use the when we make a general reference.

Example:ø people like ø technology once they know howit works.

We can use the when the noun is defined by a prepositional phrese.

Example: the pollution of the oceans is a major ecological problem .

We use the when we refer to a type of machine, an invention,etc.

Exqmple:the telephone is a very useful device.  

if an infinitive ends in d or t the final ed is pronounced /id/ .

if an infinitive ends in a voiceless consonant /p/, /k/,/f/, /§/,/ts/,or/0/ the final ed is pronounced /t/.

if an infinitive ends in a voiced consonant /b/, /d/, /d3/,/3/, /g/, /l/, /m/,/n/,/j/,/r/,/v/,/z/,/Õ/ or a vowel sound, the final ed is pronounced /d/

Archimedes discovered the principle of "buoyancy" , he didn't invent it.

Definitions to consider: 

To discover (verb) : to find out or get knowledge of something existing but not yet known. 

Example: Harvey discovered the circulation of blood.

 Franklin discovered that lightning is electricity.

 A discovery: something that is discovered / a breakthrough

 Scientists have made important discoveries to cure cancer.

To invent: to create or design something not existing before 

An invention: a useful machine, tool, instrument etc that has been invented. The computer and the phone are inventions that are part of our daily life.

An appliance: an instrument or apparatus. 

Example: The washing machine is a household appliance 

Equipment (uncountable noun): the tools, machines, clothes etc that you need to do a particular job or activity. 

Example: A food blender is a piece of electrical equipment 

A device: something thought out or invented for a special purpose. 

Example: A device for catching flies.