ملخص الدرس / الثالثة ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 1/ILL Gotten Gains Never Prosper

introduction:

There are two articals in english : the definite and indefinite .sometimes nouns require no article at all ; in which case the term zero  articl is used .

The indefinite article:

The indefinite article /n/,written an before vowel sounds and /99/written ain other cases.

There are also stressed forms /n/and /ei/ used when the word is emphasized 

The superlative form of the adjective is used when three or more things are compared.

It describes the object that is at the highest or lowest limit of the group. This usually means “est”is added to the end of the adjective and “The”before it.

Eg1: tall-Thetallest.

Eg2: small-The smallest.

In some cases, the superlative can be formed using the words mostor least.

Eg1: The Mostbeautiful.

Eg2: Theleastexpensive.

Then there are irregular adjectives, whose superlative form is a completely different word.

Add “est”to create the superlative.

Brave - The bravest

Bright - The brightest

Black - The blackest

Brave -The bravest

Cheap -The cheapest

Clean -The cleanest

Cold -The coldest

Dull -The dullest

Faint - The faintest

Few - The fewest

Great - The greatest

True - The truest

Weird -The weirdest

Young - The youngest

 **If the adjective has a consonant + single vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant is doubled before adding the ending.

Eg1: Big- the biggest

Eg2:Wet-the wettest

Eg3: Sad-the saddest

1. Two-syllable adjectives:

Add “The” before the adjective and “est” at the end.

Eg1: Shallow - The shallowest

Eg2: Simple - The simplest

Eg3: Pretty -The prettiest

Eg4: Happy -The happiest

Eg5: Odd- The oddest

**Two-syllable adjectives can also usethemostor theleastbefore the word.

Eg: Gentle: the gentlest/ the most gentle.

1. Two syllable adjectives ending in Y

Change the “y”to “I” and add “est”.

Eg1: Busy - The busiest

Eg2: Angry - The angriest

Eg3: Bloody - bloodiest

Eg4: Busy - The busiest

Eg5: Early - The earliest

Eg6: Easy- The easiest

Eg7: Healthy - The healthiest

Eg8: Heavy - The heaviest

Eg9: Lazy - The laziest

Eg10: Worthy -The worthiest

Adjectives with three or more syllables form the superlative by putting “themost” or “theleast”before the adjective.

Eg1: Famous - The most famous

Eg2: Interesting - The most interesting

Eg3: carefully - The most carefully

Eg4: Powerful - The most powerful

Eg5: Wonderful - The most wonderful

Eg6: Upset - The least upset

Irregular adjectives use a different word instead of adding “est” to create their superlative forms. (The irregular adjective is first, followed by the superlative forms.)

Good - The best

Bad - The worst

Far - The farthest (the furthest)

Well - The best

Badly - The worst

Little - The least

Many - The most

Old - The eldest

There are two articals  in English :the definite and the indefiinte .sometimes nouns requier no artical at all in which case the terms Zero (ø) artical is used.

the indefinite artical:

the indefinite artical is /∂n/written an before vowel sounds and /∂/ written ain other cases.there are also stressed forms /æn/ and /ei/ used when the words is emphasized or pronoubnced by itself.

We use a/an in the following ways :

Befor singular countanounce which we know nothing about .

E.g.  My father works in factory.

whith the names of profission and occupations.

E.g. she is an executive, and he is a waiter. 

The definite article:

The definite article, written the, is pronounced / ∂I/before vowel sounds. (/∂∂/ in rapid speech, /∂/) in other cases. There is also a stressed form /∂I:/ chiefly used when the word is pronounced by itself or for purposes of emphasis.

We use the in the following ways:

when it is clear from the context what particular person, animal, thing or place we're talking about.

E.g. I'll meet you in front of the post office.

before a noun that we have mentioned before.

E.g. He had a villa and a yatch, but he sold the villa a month ago

before adjectives to specify a category of people or things.

E.g. the rich, the poor, the unemployed, the Welsh, the World Wide Web.

when the object or group of objects is the only one that exists or has existed.

E.g. the stars, the sun, the pyramids, the human race.

when we talk about an institution shared by the people as a whole.

E.g. the radio, the television, the telephone when we refer to what is general or typical for a whole class of objects or animals.

E.g. The tiger is a beautiful animal. (We mean here all tigers.)

Zero article:

We do not put an article before uncountable (or mass) nouns used in general statements.

E.g. (Ø) Money is the root of all (Ø) evil. 2.There is no article before abstractions (abstract nouns).

E.g. All nations should work for (Ø) peace, (Ø) honesty, (Ø) generosity and (ø) courage. .There is no article before names of places and people.

E.g. (Ø) Poland, (Ø) Queen Elizabeth II, (Ø) Houari Boumediene Airport. H. We do not normally use the with the names of meals.

E.g. What time is (Ø) lunch?

What did you have for (Ø) breakfast ? 5.There is no definite article before prison, school, hospital, university when these institutions are used for the purpose for which they exist.

E.g. When I leave (Ø) school, I'll go to (Ø) university.

But when these institutions are not used for the purpose for which they exist, we use the definite article.

E.g. Mr Chaib went to the school to meet his daughter's teacher. There is zero article before plural nouns.

E.g. We're expecting (Ø) visitors.

Some adjectives and verbs in English are always followed by specific Iprepositions called dependent prepositions. There are no specific rules as to which preposition goes with which particular verb or adjective. It takes practice and memorizing to learn to associate verbs and adjectives with suitable prepositions. E.g.

The Egyptians were good at building canals.

Ancient Greeks believed in many gods.

The meaning of had better ('d better) is the same as that of should/ought to. When you tell your friend that she'd better do something, you advise her him to do it because you think that something bad might happen if she doesn't do it. E.g.

(You I had better )work harder; otherwise you might fail your exam.

(l'd better)

(I had better) phone my mother now; she might get upset if I doni.

(I'd better)

The negative form:

The negative form: is (had better not) / (I'd better not).

E.g. You look sick. You'd better not go to school today.

E.g. Are you going out this evening ?'

E.g. I’d better not. I've got a terrible cold.

Even though we use the past (had), the meaning is always present or future. You will also notice that had better/'d better is always followed by the infinitive without to.

𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑡 ⟼ Strong obligation

𝑀𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑛’𝑡 ⟼ Prohibition “forbidden”

𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜  

𝑑𝑜𝑛′𝑡 𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜  ⟼ Necessity

𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑛′𝑡

𝑑𝑜𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜→  Lack (absence) of obligation

𝐻𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟

should→ Advice

𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑

might→Remote possibility (15%)

𝑚𝑎𝑦

𝑐𝑎𝑛

𝐼𝑡′ 𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑦

𝐼𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑦          → Probability (80%)

𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑦                    ⟼ Certainty (100%)

The expressions providing, provided that and as long as have very similar meanings and are usually interchangeable. They are used before saying the conditions that make something else happen or be true. Unless is similar to if not.

The -ing form

We use the -ing form in three different ways. We use it:

as part of a verb called the participle.

E.g. I'm singing. He have been singing since 5 o'clock, etc.

as an adjective.

E.g. We cook spaghetti in boiling water.

as a noun or a gerund.

E.g.The smoking of cigarettes is harmful to our health.

The gerund is used:

after most verbs of liking and disliking. E.g. enjoy, like, love, dislike, detest, dread, hate, mind, can't stand, etc. E.g.

I enjoy dancing.

Would you mind answering a few questions?

after some other common verbs. E.g. admit, avoid, come, consider, deny, go, involve, miss, postpone, risk, stop, etc. E.g.

Stop talking.                     Let's go swimming.

after prepositions, including adjective + preposition phrases. E.g. keen on, fond of, tired of, etc. E.g. I'm fond of cooking.

after phrasal verbs. E.g. go on, keep on, give up, etc. E.g.Go on talking

Note:

After a certain number of verbs and verbal phrases either the gerund or the infinitive may occur. E.g. begin, like, cease, continue, dislike, fear, hate, intend, love, prefer, propose, remember, start, try. For example, after remember, the infinitive refers to the future while the gerund refers to the past.

I must remember (=not forget) to ask him.

I remember seeing her when she was a little girl.

The gerund may be:

an uncountable noun in general statements as in Swimming is fun. an uncountable noun with a quantity word as in He does a lot of reading.

an uncountable noun after a preposition as in I'm fond of cooking.

an uncountable noun after adjectives and possessives as in Her quick thinking saved her.

an uncountable noun with 'no' in prohibitions such as No parking.

a countable noun in the singular and plural as in I own a painting by Baya/ and I like colourful drawings.

a noun preceded by the definite article, a possessive or demonstrative pronoun as in I detest all this questioning and Her singing is beautiful.

The gerund is used:

after most verbs of liking and disliking. E.g. enjoy, like, love, dislike, detest, dread, hate, mind, can't stand, etc. E.g.

I enjoy dancing.

Would you mind answering a few questions?

after some other common verbs. E.g. admit, avoid, come, consider, deny, go, involve, miss, postpone, risk, stop, etc. E.g.

Stop talking.                     Let's go swimming.

after prepositions, including adjective + preposition phrases. E.g. keen on, fond of, tired of, etc. E.g. I'm fond of cooking.

after phrasal verbs. E.g. go on, keep on, give up, etc. E.g.Go on talking

Note:

After a certain number of verbs and verbal phrases either the gerund or the infinitive may occur. E.g. begin, like, cease, continue, dislike, fear, hate, intend, love, prefer, propose, remember, start, try. For example, after remember, the infinitive refers to the future while the gerund refers to the past.

I must remember (=not forget) to ask him.

I remember seeing her when she was a little girl.

The gerund may be:

an uncountable noun in general statements as in Swimming is fun. an uncountable noun with a quantity word as in He does a lot of reading.

an uncountable noun after a preposition as in I'm fond of cooking.

an uncountable noun after adjectives and possessives as in Her quick thinking saved her.

an uncountable noun with 'no' in prohibitions such as No parking.

a countable noun in the singular and plural as in I own a painting by Baya/ and I like colourful drawings.

a noun preceded by the definite article, a possessive or demonstrative pronoun as in I detest all this questioning and Her singing is beautiful.

The link word unless means except if or if ...not and introduces a condition. (Cf. If-conditional in your SE2 Book, pp.201-202)

E.g. I won't speak to him unless he apologizes. (= except if he apologizes) Or (= if he does not /doesn't apologize)

Unless he apologises, I won't speak to him.

We often use unless in warnings.

E.g. You'll fail unless you work harder. (This means the same as you must work harder, otherwise you will fail.)

Tense agreement in complex sentences with unless is the same as in sentences with if-conditional (type 1). So when you are talking about the future, do not use the will-future with unless. Use a present simple tense instead.

E.g. We'll be late unless we hurry. = We'll be late if we don't hurry. (future simple +unless+ present simple = future + if...not+ present simple.

Unless cannot replace if ...not in the following cases:

in would-(have)-conditions i.e., if the condition has unreal meaning.

E.g. Karim would be our best student if he weren't so lazy.

 in indirect questions :

E.g. She promised to work harder if she wasn't expelled.

when the condition is in someone's mind.

E.g. I'll really be surprised if they don't come back

E.g What shall we do if they don't reply to our letter of complaint ?

So, and so, thus, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, therefore, so+adjective+ that , such+ noun (phrase) +that etc.

E.g. It was such a sunny day that we decided to go to the seaside.

It was so hot that we decided to go to the beach.

In many listening situations, whether in your own language or in a foreign one, it is necessary to recognize and sequence the main ideas in order to be able to follow the thread of what is being said. We call this listening for gist (main ideas). When you listen for gist, it is not necessary to understand every word. You should concentrate on recognizing key words, i.e. the words that the speaker considers to be important and which are usually stressed in English.

We add -s to form the plural of most nouns.

E.g. We add -es after some nouns ending in -o, and nouns ending in -s, -X, -ch, and -sh.  

We change the vowels of some nouns to form the plural.

E.g. man → men , crisis → crises, emphasis → emphases 

We change the consonant f for the consonant v of some nouns in the plural. 

E.g. life → lives, leaf → leaves, loaf → loaves

But we don't change the fending of some other nouns.

E.g. chief -chiefs,