ملخص الدرس / الثالثة ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 4/Feelings-emotions-Humour and related topics

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A preposition

A preposition is a word which, as its name implies, is placed before a pronoun or a noun phrase, i.e. a phrase whose most important word is a noun.

E.g. [...] by us, [...] with my best friend

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Pronoun noun phrase

Common prepositions:

The most common English prepositions are simple, i.e. they consist of one word only. Here is a list of common simple prepositions:

during round up E.g. We had to wait at the station for three hours.

about	around	by	over	under
above	as	down	past	until
across	with	on	opposite	for
after	behind	from	than	within
against	below	in	through	without
along	between	into	to
among	beyond	like	toward
at	during	round	up

Other prepositions, consisting of more than one word, are called complex prepositions. Here are some of them:

according to	due to	by means of
along with	except for	in comparison with
as for	out of	in relation to
away from	owing to	in addition to
because of	because of	in connection with

Adjective + preposition:

In order to have their meaning complete some adjectives are followed by prepositions. Here are some of the most useful ones.

Adjective + of:

of	proud of	suspicious of	envious of
ashamed of	jealous of	conscious of	tired of
aware of	scared of	fond of	short of
nice/ kind/generous/ mean/stupid/silly/ (im) polite/rude/unreasonable or someone to (do something). E.g. Are you afraid of snakes? Thank you. It was very kind of you to help me.

Adjective + with:

angry with	annoyed with	bored with	delighted with
familiar with	furious with	pleasant with	satisfied with
E.g. I'm delighted with my new camera.

Verb + preposition:

Some verbs always or typically have a particular preposition after them.

apologize (to someone) for something - apply for a job - approve/ disapprove of something - believe in something - belong to someone - care about someone - care for someone/something - collide with someone/something - complain to someone about something - dream about someone/something - dream of being something/doing something-concentrate on something - consist of - crash into someone/something - deal with something - depend on someone/something - die of an illness - happen to someone/something - hear about something - hear of someone/something - hear from someone - laugh at someone/something - listen to someone/something - look after someone//something - look at someone/something - meet with someone - pay someone for something - profit from something - rely on someone/something - refer to someone something search for someone/something - shout at someone - smile at someone - suffer from an illness - think about someone/something - think of someone/something - wait for someone/something - write to someone.

The verb and the preposition together sometimes express a single idea.

E.g. She takes after (= resembles) her grandmother:

Other verbs may be followed by one or another preposition depending on the meaning which we want to convey. E.g.

A.Our problems result from our negligence. (cause)

B.The change of policy has resulted in failure. (consequence)

A.Our success consists in our ability to respond quickly to new problems.

B. The team consists of experienced players.

A.We've agreed on a date for the marriage.

B.We've agreed to see her this afternoon.

C.I agree with you entirely.

We do not use a preposition with these verbs.

Phone someone E.g.Did you phone your sister yesterday?

Discuss something E.g. We shall discuss many items at the meeting.

Enter (=go into a place) E.g.The candidate felt nervous as she entered the examination hall.

Resist someone/something E.g. They have resisted occupation for half a century.

Emphasize/stress something E.g. She emphasized/stressed the importance of careful driving.

Verb+ object+preposition:

Study this list and remember the structure:

Accuse someone of (doing something).

E.g. Said accused Rashid of being selfish.

Ask someone for something.

E.g. He wrote to the travel agency asking them for a refund.

Borrow something from someone.

E.g. I had no money left. I had to borrow £ 20 from a colleague of mine.

Prefer someone/something to someone/something.

E.g. I prefer oranges to apples.

Protect someone/something from someone/something

E.g. She wears sunglasses to protect her eyes from the sun.

Provide someone with something

E.g. The school provides poor students with books.

Remind someone of something

E.g. She reminds me of my mother.

Warn someone about someone/something

E.g. Meteorologists have warned all the citizens about climate change.

Verb + preposition:

Some verbs always or typically have a particular preposition after them.

The verb and the preposition together sometimes express a single idea.

E.g. She takes after (= resembles) her grandmother:

Other verbs may be followed by one or another preposition depending on the meaning which we want to convey. E.g.

A.Our problems result from our negligence. (cause)

B.The change of policy has resulted in failure. (consequence)

A.Our success consists in our ability to respond quickly to new problems.

B. The team consists of experienced players.

A.We've agreed on a date for the marriage.

B.We've agreed to see her this afternoon.

C.I agree with you entirely.

We do not use a preposition with these verbs.

Phone someone E.g.Did you phone your sister yesterday?

Discuss something E.g. We shall discuss many items at the meeting.

Enter (=go into a place) E.g.The candidate felt nervous as she entered the examination hall.

Resist someone/something E.g. They have resisted occupation for half a century.

Emphasize/stress something E.g. She emphasized/stressed the importance of careful driving.

Verb+ object+preposition:

Study this list and remember the structure:

Accuse someone of (doing something).

E.g. Said accused Rashid of being selfish.

Ask someone for something.

E.g. He wrote to the travel agency asking them for a refund.

Borrow something from someone.

E.g. I had no money left. I had to borrow £ 20 from a colleague of mine.

Prefer someone/something to someone/something.

E.g. I prefer oranges to apples.

Protect someone/something from someone/something

E.g. She wears sunglasses to protect her eyes from the sun.

Provide someone with something

E.g. The school provides poor students with books.

Remind someone of something

E.g. She reminds me of my mother.

Warn someone about someone/something

E.g. Meteorologists have warned all the citizens about climate change.

Verb+ object+preposition:

Study this list and remember the structure:

Accuse someone of (doing something).

E.g. Said accused Rashid of being selfish.

Ask someone for something.

E.g. He wrote to the travel agency asking them for a refund.

Borrow something from someone.

E.g. I had no money left. I had to borrow £ 20 from a colleague of mine.

Prefer someone/something to someone/something.

E.g. I prefer oranges to apples.

Protect someone/something from someone/something

E.g. She wears sunglasses to protect her eyes from the sun.

Provide someone with something

E.g. The school provides poor students with books.

Remind someone of something

E.g. She reminds me of my mother.

Warn someone about someone/something

E.g. Meteorologists have warned all the citizens about climate change.

reference and inference questions,

We have two types of comprehension questions: reference questions and inference questions.

In reference questions, the answers are explicitly stated in the text whereas in inference questions, the answers are not directly stated.

We must infer/deduce them from the facts and the reasoning developed in the text. To answer inference questions, we should, therefore, learn to compare, analyse, interpret the facts while reasoning, very often in the light of our own experience of life. We should learn to ‘read between the lines'.

types of discourse:

There are five major types of discourse in prose texts: descriptive, expository, narrative, argumentative and prescriptive.

As their name indicates, descriptive texts do just that: they describe people, places, things, etc.

Expository texts :explain how things work, and why these things are what they are.

Narrative texts: tell the story of something or someone.

Argumentative texts :are texts which defend points of view.

Prescriptive texts :are texts which give instructions.

Note: There may be more than one type of discourse in the same text.