ملخص الدرس / الثالثة ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 2/Safety First

Whether you speak or write, you need to help people make sense of what VOU say by signalling to them how one idea leads on to another.

The words and phrases which have this connecting function are called link words or discourse connectors.

They generally come at the beginning of a sentence. Their most important functions are as follows:

Enumerating:

Beginning a list : first, to begin with, to start with, first of all, etc.

E.g. To begin with, I suggest you get yourself a job.

Continuing a list : second (or secondly), next, then, after this, etc.

E.g. Next you look for a convenient place to live in.

Finishing a list: lastly, at long last, finally, eventually, in the end, etc.

E.g. Finally she managed to escape.

Re-inforcing: Besides, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition, etc. are used to reinforce an argument in a situation where a preceding argument is considered insufficient.

E.g. I won't be attending the lecture this afternoon.

I have some work to complete. Besides, the lecturer stammers so much that one can hardly understand what he says.

Explaining: You can explain a point already made in three ways:

by clarifying its meaning: that is, that is to say (often written i.e.)

by giving a more precise description : namely, viz, in other words, to put it more simply, rather, etc.

by giving an illustration: for example, E.g., for instance, etc. E.g. Cheating at exams, namely asking your classmates to help you, is

punishable.

Comparing: Comparing: in comparison with, like, likewise, similarly, compared with, both ... and ..., neither ...nor..., etc.

E.g. The doctor advised him to stop smoking. Similarly, he recommended him to eat much less and take plenty of exercise.

Contrasting: But, however, and yet, while, whereas, unlike, conversely, on the one hand, on the other hand express contrast.

E.g. Living in the country is quite healthy, and yet it can be rather boring at times.

Conceding: Admittedly, despite (the fact that), in spite of the fact that), though, naturally, certainly, of course, nevertheless, this being said, etc. express concession. E.g. I agree with you that work is the key to success, this being said, thereis no reason why you should stay awake all night studying.

Expressing cause/reason: Because, as, since, for, due to, owing to, etc. signal cause or reason. E.g. She has to stay in bed as she is ill.

Beginning a list : first, to begin with, to start with, first of all, etc.

E.g. To begin with, I suggest you get yourself a job.

Continuing a list : second (or secondly), next, then, after this, etc.

E.g. Next you look for a convenient place to live in.

Finishing a list: lastly, at long last, finally, eventually, in the end, etc.

E.g. Finally she managed to escape.

Re-inforcing: Besides, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition, etc. are used to reinforce an argument in a situation where a preceding argument is considered insufficient.

E.g. I won't be attending the lecture this afternoon.

I have some work to complete. Besides, the lecturer stammers so much that one can hardly understand what he says.

Explaining: You can explain a point already made in three ways:

by clarifying its meaning: that is, that is to say (often written i.e.)

by giving a more precise description : namely, viz, in other words, to put it more simply, rather, etc.

by giving an illustration: for example, E.g., for instance, etc. E.g. Cheating at exams, namely asking your classmates to help you, is

punishable.

Comparing: Comparing: in comparison with, like, likewise, similarly, compared with, both ... and ..., neither ...nor..., etc.

E.g. The doctor advised him to stop smoking. Similarly, he recommended him to eat much less and take plenty of exercise.

Contrasting: But, however, and yet, while, whereas, unlike, conversely, on the one hand, on the other hand express contrast.

E.g. Living in the country is quite healthy, and yet it can be rather boring at times.

Conceding: Admittedly, despite (the fact that), in spite of the fact that), though, naturally, certainly, of course, nevertheless, this being said, etc. express concession. E.g. I agree with you that work is the key to success, this being said, thereis no reason why you should stay awake all night studying.

Expressing cause/reason: Because, as, since, for, due to, owing to, etc. signal cause or reason. E.g. She has to stay in bed as she is ill.

Explaining: You can explain a point already made in three ways:

by clarifying its meaning: that is, that is to say (often written i.e.)

by giving a more precise description : namely, viz, in other words, to put it more simply, rather, etc.

by giving an illustration: for example, E.g., for instance, etc. E.g. Cheating at exams, namely asking your classmates to help you, is

punishable.

Comparing: Comparing: in comparison with, like, likewise, similarly, compared with, both ... and ..., neither ...nor..., etc.

E.g. The doctor advised him to stop smoking. Similarly, he recommended him to eat much less and take plenty of exercise.

Contrasting: But, however, and yet, while, whereas, unlike, conversely, on the one hand, on the other hand express contrast.

E.g. Living in the country is quite healthy, and yet it can be rather boring at times.

Conceding: Admittedly, despite (the fact that), in spite of the fact that), though, naturally, certainly, of course, nevertheless, this being said, etc. express concession. E.g. I agree with you that work is the key to success, this being said, thereis no reason why you should stay awake all night studying.

Expressing cause/reason: Because, as, since, for, due to, owing to, etc. signal cause or reason. E.g. She has to stay in bed as she is ill.

Comparing: Comparing: in comparison with, like, likewise, similarly, compared with, both ... and ..., neither ...nor..., etc.

E.g. The doctor advised him to stop smoking. Similarly, he recommended him to eat much less and take plenty of exercise.

Contrasting: But, however, and yet, while, whereas, unlike, conversely, on the one hand, on the other hand express contrast.

E.g. Living in the country is quite healthy, and yet it can be rather boring at times.

Conceding: Admittedly, despite (the fact that), in spite of the fact that), though, naturally, certainly, of course, nevertheless, this being said, etc. express concession. E.g. I agree with you that work is the key to success, this being said, thereis no reason why you should stay awake all night studying.

Expressing cause/reason: Because, as, since, for, due to, owing to, etc. signal cause or reason. E.g. She has to stay in bed as she is ill.

Conceding: Admittedly, despite (the fact that), in spite of the fact that), though, naturally, certainly, of course, nevertheless, this being said, etc. express concession. E.g. I agree with you that work is the key to success, this being said, thereis no reason why you should stay awake all night studying.

Expressing cause/reason: Because, as, since, for, due to, owing to, etc. signal cause or reason. E.g. She has to stay in bed as she is ill.

Expressing cause/reason: Because, as, since, for, due to, owing to, etc. signal cause or reason. E.g. She has to stay in bed as she is ill.

Life stories or biographies are written to teach lessons for life. So when you read or listen to them, you should try to draw the lessons they want to teach you. You should also respond to them by saying whether you like them or not, and why.

Can/Could I (possibly )…? May/might I…? Asking for permission.

Can/ Could/May/Might I smoke please ?

Do you mind if I open the door ?

You can /can’t/ could/may/ not smoke. 

Giving/refusing permission:

Yes, (of course) you can/could/may  

No, ( I’m afraid )you can’t/may not

Other expressions :

I wonder if I could/might….. .

Is it all right if I …..

Would it be possible for me to….

Do you mind if I....

I wonder if I could /Would it be possible for me to / Do you mind if I smoke ?

Giving/refusing permission:

Yes, (of course) you can/could/may  

No, ( I’m afraid )you can’t/may not

I wonder if I could/might….. .

Is it all right if I …..

Would it be possible for me to….

Do you mind if I....

I wonder if I could /Would it be possible for me to / Do you mind if I smoke ?