ملخص الدرس / الثالثة ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 3/Astronomy and the Solar system
The consonant sounds of English
The consonant sounds of English are:
|
/p/ |
as in partner | /f/ | as in food | /h/ | as in has |
| /b/ | as in but |
/v/ |
as in voice | /m/ | as in mat |
| /t/ | as in two | /θ/ | as in three | /n/ | as in note |
| /d/ | as in do | /Õ/ | as in this | /ℑ/ | as in sing |
| /k/ | as in car | /S/ | as in sea | /I/ | as in luck |
| /g/ | as in go | /z/ | as in zoo | /r/ | as in red |
| /t∫/ | as in chin | /∫/ | as in she | /J/ | as in yes |
| /d3/ | as in joke | /3/ | as measure | /W/ | as in will |
The vowel sounds of English are:
| Long vowels |
Short vowels
|
Diphthongs (2vowels) | |||
| /i:/ | as in eat | /I/ | as in it | /ei/ |
as in day |
| /a:/ | as in car | /e/ | as in ten |
/ai/
|
as in buy |
| /⊃:/ | as in more | /æ/ | as in bat | /⊃i/ | as in boy |
| /u:/ | as in too | /∧/ | as in much | /əƱ/ | as in no |
| /3:/ | as in word | /℘/ | as in not | /aƱ/ |
as in now |
| /Ʊ/ | as in put | /iə/ | as in ear | ||
| /ə/ |
as in again | /eə/ | as in there | ||
| /i/ | as in happy | /Ʊə/ | as in sure | ||
triphtongs (3 vowels)
| /aiə/ | as in fire | |
| /eiə/ | playe | |
|
/⊃iə/ |
soya | |
|
/aƱə/ |
flower | |
| /əuə/ | mower |
Expressing like & dislike: -
𝑒𝑛𝑗𝑜𝑦
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 + Gerund (verb + “ing”).
𝑑𝑜𝑛 ′ 𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒
𝑙𝑜𝑣𝑒
𝑐𝑎𝑛 ′ 𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 + Gerund or to + stem (infinitive).
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒
It is better + to + stem.
Would rather + stem (a verb without “to”).
Passive Voice
Active Voice The teacher drew the map.
Passive Voice The map was drawn by the teacher.
VERBS FORMS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
|
VERBS FORMS |
ACTIVE VOICE |
PASSIVE VOICE |
|
Present Simple |
The pupils practise sport twice a week. |
Sport is practised twice a week. |
|
Present Continuous/Progressive |
They are building a swimming pool. |
A swimming pool is being built. |
|
Past Simple |
He wrote an interesting poem yesterday. |
An interesting poem was written yesterday. |
|
Past Continuous/Progressive |
The workers were painting the classroom walls. |
The classroom walls were being painted. |
|
Present Perfect |
I have learnt it. |
It has been learnt. |
|
Past Perfect |
They had made a lot of improvements. |
A lot of improvements had been made. |
|
Future “Will” |
Mike will give a speech tomorrow. |
A speech will be given tomorrow. |
|
Going to |
They are going to employ a guard. |
A guard is going to be employed |
|
Future perfect |
I will have finished my thesis by next year. |
My thesis will have been finished by next year. |
|
Present infinitive |
You ought to finish your research paper before the end of May. |
Your research paper ought to be finished before the end of May. |
|
Perfect infinitive |
We should have decorated the classroom a little bit earlier. |
The classroom should have been decorated a little bit earlier. |
|
Modal verbs |
You must clean the room |
The room must be cleaned |
N.B :
The present, past and future perfect progressive and the future progressive are not used in the passive voice.
By+ agent is used to emphasize who does or what causes the action
Verbs with 2 objects : EXAMPLE
ACTIVE VOICE : He gave her a present.
PASSIVE VOICE : She was given a present.
A present was given to her.
Use of Passive:
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice
Form of Passive:
Subject (the Object in active) + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) + Object (the Subject in active)
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle).
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped).
Examples:
| Simple Present: |
Rita writes a letter. A letter is written by Rita |
| Simple Past: |
Rita wrote a letter. A letter was written by Rita. |
| Present Perfect: |
Rita has written a letter. A letter has been written by Rita. |
| Future simple: |
Rita will write a letter. A letter will be written by Rita. |
| Modals: |
Rita can write a letter. A letter can be written by Rita. |
| Present Progressive (Continuous): |
Rita is writing a letter. A letter is being written by Rita. |
| Past Progressive (Continuous): |
Rita was writing a letter. A letter was being written by Rita |
| Past Perfect: |
Rita had written a letter. A letter had been written by Rita. |
| Future perfect: |
Rita will have written a letter. A letter will have been written by Rita |
| Conditional simple: |
Rita would write a letter. A letter would be written by Rita. |
| Conditional perfect: |
Rita would have written a letter. A letter would have been written by Rita. |
expressing condition
We will eradicate corruption providing that we act now.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Subject verb object link word S v time marker ☛ expressing condition
↓ ↓
Will+ stem(simple futur) present simple
↓ ↓
Main clause subordinate clause
Stating rule :
The link words providing /provided that, as long as are used to express condition .They mean the same as but only if or if and only if .e.g. You will pass your exam providing /provided that /as long as you work harder.
You will pass your exam but only if you work harder.
Subject +will stem + providing /provided that, as long as Subject +present simple.
↓ ↓
Main clause subordinate clause
OR
Providing /provided that, as long as. Present simple, +will stem.
As long as and providing/provided that are used interchangeably in initial or mid position .