ملخص الدرس / الثالثة ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 3/Schools Different and Alike

Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can have the following endings/suffixes :

Noun+ -s -es (plural)                                   books       ideas           matches

Verb + -S -es (after he, she, it etc)               works       enjoys         flourishes

Verb + -ing                                                 working    enjoying      flourishing

Verb + -ed                                                  worked     enjoyed       visited

adjective +-er (comparative)                        cheaper    higher         narrower

adjective +-est (superlative)                        cheapest   highest       narrowest

adjective +-ly (adverb)                                cheaply     highly        narrowly

When we use these endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling.

Nouns and verbs +-s -es

The ending is -es when the word (noun or verb) ends in -s ,-SS,-sh,-ch or X:

E.g. match(n) →matches                    bus (n)→buses                         teach (v)→ teaches             search (v) → searches 

Note:  also hero heroes go→ goes        do→ does etc.

Words ending in-y:

If a word ends in a consonant+y -y changes to:

 ie before -s: city→ cities, carry →carries 

i before -ed : apply→ applied 

i before -er and -est: easy→ easier→ easiest

i before -ly:E.g. easy →easily

Words ending in -ie: If a verb ends in ie, -ie changes to -y before -ing.

E.g.die → dying, tie→ tying, lie →lying.

Words ending in -e

If a verb ends in -e, we leave out-e before - ing. E.g. write →writing

Exceptions: be-being    see→ seeing , agree→ agreeing

we add only-d not-ed for the past (of regular verbs).

E.g., hope → hoped , dance → danced

If an adjective ends in -e,

we add respectively-r and -st for the comparative and the superlative. E.g. wide → wider→ the widest

we keep e before the adverb ending in -ly. E.g. polite→politely

If an adjective ends in-le, we leave out e and add -y for the Adverb. E.g. probable →probably , possible→ possibly

Doubling consonants

If a verb or an adjective ends in consonant +vowel +consonant (CVC), we double the final consonant before -ing , - ed, -er and-est.

E.g. plan →planning →planned ,                        big →bigger → biggest

If the word has more than one syllable, we double the final consonant only if the final is stressed.

E.g. preFER →preferring → preferred,                beGIN → beginning

If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant.

E.g. Visit → visting visited                          deVElop→ developing→ developed

If the final syllable is not stressed, and the last consonant is 1, the consonant may be left single or double.

E.g. travel →traveling→ traveled or               travelling →travelled.

If a word ends in a cluster of two consonants (-rt, -rn ,-ck, etc.), we do not double the consonant.

E.g. start→ starting →started,             turn→ turning →turned, thick thicker

We do not double the final consonant if it ends with two vowels + a consonant (oil, -eed, -ain, etc.).

E.g. boil→ boiling→ boiled,                 cheap →cheaper →cheapest,             explain →explaining→explained

We do not double y or w at the end of words if they are preceeded by a vowel.

E.g. stay→ staying →stayed,              new→ newer →newest                       grow→ growing

If is a conjunction which introduces a condition (something which may or may not happend depending circumstances).

there are four mainkinds of condition.

if-conditional :type zero

form: if+.....present simple.....,.....present simple....

Meaning:

this type of condition has the present simple in both clauses,and means that the conditional can be true at any time .in this type of condition,if can be replaced by when or whenever.

if , when, whenever you heat water at 100 degrees celsius, it boils .

water boils if , when, whenever you heat at 100 degrees celsius.

note:

when if means if it is true that, the present simple does not describe some thing true at any time or a  general habit. so when can not replace if.

if= if it's true that when you take this medecine, you will soon fell better . 

form:

if+....present simple ...,....,will (or'll)will not (or won't).

if I SEE Abedelkaderm Iwill invite him to the party.

We'll go to the beach tomorrow if it sunny.

Meaning:

We use the first conditional to talk about thingsthat are possible in the future.it's possible that it will be sunny .so likely result  we'll go to the beach tomorrow.

note:we do not use willin the if clause, even though it refers to the future.

if I will pass my brevet, I'will celebrate. 

form:

if....+past simple...,+would (or 'd).

if Iwere you ,Iwould apologise.

if the Martians invadedour planet one day,they'd kill us all.

Meaning:

we use the second conditional to talk about the present, and to imagine something totally different from the real situation now or in the future.

in sentence a,the speaker is just imagining  himself/herself that he is me.but he can't really be me.

in sentence b, the speaker is just imagining that one day the Martians will invade our plante. but we know well that Martians do not exist.

Note: you can use were for alls forms of be  in the if clause of the second conditional.

if she/he /karim was /were rich,he/she would travelto Australia.  

form:

if +......past perfect...,.....'d/would  have .....+past participle......

Meaning:

if I had been a littel bit taller,I'd/would have joined the Army.

I'd/would have joined the Army if I had been a littel bit taller.

We use type 3 conditional when we imagine a different past,i.e,an nureal past. in the example above, the speaker was not tall enough.so he could not join the Army.

if+present simple,     imperative       .

if you're happy,  clap your hands.

if +present +modal+verb

if you fall, you can/may hurt yourself.

if it fails to start ,you should/must check the battery.

if +past simple+might/could+ verb 

if Martians invaded our plane, they could exterminate us.

if+past perfect +might/could+have +past participle.

if she know about your difficulties, she might have helped you.