ملخص الدرس / الثالثة ثانوي/اللغة الإنجليزية/UNIT 2/Ancient civilizations

Must:

Forms:

Must= obligation 

we use must when we think it is important or essential to do an action .

In England ,you must drive on the left, but in Algeria, you must drive on the right .

Musn't= negative of obligation prohibition .

we use musn't when we think that it is important or essential not to do an action .

we musn't drive fast here.the road sing says that the speed limitis 50 kms per hours   

have to : obligation 

in positive sentences, we often use have to express obligation .in this case, have to is little different form must. 

In Algeria, you have to be 18 before you're allowed to take your driving licence test 

We can use have to to talk about an action that is neccessary.

We have to eat in order to live.Eating is neccessity because there is no other possibility for staying alive .

compare: 

you dont have to/needn't do this exercise .it's optional .Absence /lack  of obligation .

you mustn't cheat in the exam.it's forbidden. Prohibition/ negative obligation . 

The consonant sounds of English are:

Can/Could I (possibly )…? May/might I…? Asking for permission.

Can/ Could/May/Might I smoke please ?

Do you mind if I open the door ?

You can /can’t/ could/may/ not smoke. 

Giving/refusing permission

Yes, (of course) you can/could/may  

No, ( I’m afraid )you can’t/may not

I wonder if I could/might….. .

Is it all right if I …..

Would it be possible for me to….

Do you mind if I....

I wonder if I could /Would it be possible for me to / Do you mind if I smoke ?

We can form new adjectives and nouns by adding prefix self- to some nouns and adjectives.

E.g. Some people are self-centred. 

The adjective self-centred is made of prefix self- and the adjective centred.

The prefix self-replaces myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves.

Hence, we can rewrite the example above as follows: Some people are centred on themselves.

We often use stative (also called non-conclusive verbs) like think, believe, hope, guess, suppose, etc. to express agreement or disagreement with what is said to us.

When we agree, we use all of these verbs with so. E.g. "Will man be capable of settling on the moon some day?' 'I think so.' 

O When we disagree, we use. A. the negative form of the verb followed by so (with think, believe,suppose) E.g. 'I don't think so.' 

the affirmative form of the verb followed by not (with hope, guess,

suppose). E.g. 'I hope not.' 

O You will notice that suppose can be used either way.

There are two articals in English :the definite and the indefiinte .sometimes nouns requier no artical at all in which case the terms Zero (ø) artical is used.

the indefinite artical is /∂n/written an before vowel sounds and /∂/ written ain other cases.there are also stressed forms /æn/ and /ei/ used when the words is emphasized or pronoubnced by itself.

We use a/an in the following ways :

Befor singular countanounce which we know nothing about .

E.g.  My father works in factory.

whith the names of profission and occupations.

E.g. she is an executive, and he is a waiter. 

The definite article, written the, is pronounced / ∂I/before vowel sounds. (/∂∂/ in rapid speech, /∂/) in other cases. There is also a stressed form /∂I:/ chiefly used when the word is pronounced by itself or for purposes of emphasis.

We use the in the following ways:

when it is clear from the context what particular person, animal, thing or place we're talking about.

E.g. I'll meet you in front of the post office.

before a noun that we have mentioned before.

E.g. He had a villa and a yatch, but he sold the villa a month ago

before adjectives to specify a category of people or things.

E.g. the rich, the poor, the unemployed, the Welsh, the World Wide Web.

when the object or group of objects is the only one that exists or has existed.

E.g. the stars, the sun, the pyramids, the human race.

when we talk about an institution shared by the people as a whole.

E.g. the radio, the television, the telephone when we refer to what is general or typical for a whole class of objects or animals.

E.g. The tiger is a beautiful animal. (We mean here all tigers.)

We do not put an article before uncountable (or mass) nouns used in general statements.

E.g. (Ø) Money is the root of all (Ø) evil. 2.There is no article before abstractions (abstract nouns).

E.g. All nations should work for (Ø) peace, (Ø) honesty, (Ø) generosity and (ø) courage. .There is no article before names of places and people.

E.g. (Ø) Poland, (Ø) Queen Elizabeth II, (Ø) Houari Boumediene Airport. H. We do not normally use the with the names of meals.

E.g. What time is (Ø) lunch?

What did you have for (Ø) breakfast ? 5.There is no definite article before prison, school, hospital, university when these institutions are used for the purpose for which they exist.

E.g. When I leave (Ø) school, I'll go to (Ø) university.

But when these institutions are not used for the purpose for which they exist, we use the definite article.

E.g. Mr Chaib went to the school to meet his daughter's teacher. There is zero article before plural nouns.

E.g. We're expecting (Ø) visitors.